Aqa as Philosophy Revision Notes †Reason and Experience Essay Example for Free

Aqa as Philosophy Revision Notes – Reason and Experience Essay Knowledge and Belief †¢ People can believe things that aren’t true. †¢ For you to know something, it must be true and you must believe it. †¢ Beliefs can be true or false. †¢ Beliefs can accidentally be true, but it isn’t knowledge. Types of Knowledge †¢ Analytic – true by definition – â€Å"Squares have 4 sides†. †¢ Synthetic – not analytic, true or false in the way the word is – â€Å"Ripe tomatoes are red†. †¢ A priori – doesn’t require sense experience to know – â€Å"all bachelors are unmarried†. †¢ A posteriori – can be established through sense experience – â€Å"Snow is white†. All Analytic propositions are known a priori. This doesn’t mean that all a priori propositions are analytic. The main question is â€Å"Are all synthetic propositions a posteriori? † i. e; do we have some knowledge that doesn’t come from sense experience? It is this question that forms the debate between rationalism and empiricism. Rationalism vs. Empiricism †¢ Main dividing questions are: â€Å"What are the sources of knowledge? †, â€Å"How do we acquire it? †, â€Å"How do we get concepts? †. †¢ Rationalism gives an important role to reason. †¢ Empiricism gives an important role to the senses. †¢ Why can’t we use both in acquiring knowledge? Rationalism. †¢ Rationalism claims that we can have synthetic a priori knowledge of the external world. Empiricism denies this. †¢ Rationalists argue that it’s possible for us to know some synthetic propositions about the world outside our own minds, e. g. Maths and morality. Empiricists argue that it is not. †¢ Both rationalists and empiricists accept that we naturally have certain thoughts and feelings inside our minds. Empiricism †¢ An advantage of empiricism is that it allows us to quickly see how we ascertain our knowledge – through our senses by perceiving how the world is, which is a causal process – it requires no mental reasoning. †¢ Empiricists also claim that this is how we acquire our concepts – through our senses. †¢ Once we understand the acquired concepts, we gain analytic knowledge. If we have knowledge that doesn’t come from sense experience – how do we get this knowledge? Rationalists argue that we either gain this knowledge from ‘rational intuition’ or ‘insight’, which allows us to gain this knowledge intellectually, or we just know these truths innately as part of our rational nature. Rationalists may also argue that some, or even all of our concepts are innate of come from rational insight. Do All Ideas Derive From Sense Experience? John Locke – Mind as a ‘Tabula Rasa’ †¢ Locke argues that all ideas derive from sense experience. †¢ He says that the mind at birth is a ‘tabula rasa’ – a blank slate that gets filled up with ideas from the senses. †¢ He refutes the claim of ‘innate ideas’. †¢ Ideas can either be part of a proposition: â€Å"He had the idea that it would be fun to take the day off†; or they can be concepts: â€Å"the idea of yellow†. †¢ Locke says that all our concepts derive from sense experience, and that we have no knowledge prior to sense experience. From Locke’s definition of ‘innate idea’, it follows that everyone with a mind should have the same ideas. However, there is no truth that every person (including people lacking reasoning skills) can assent and agree to. So perhaps, with Locke’s definition, innate ideas are ones that we known as soon as we gain the use of reason. Locke refutes this, saying that we aren’t lacking reason but the knowledge of ideas. For example, a child can’t know that â€Å"4 + 5 = 9† until the child can count up to 9 and has the idea of equality. It is the same thing as knowing that an apple is not a stick – it’s not a development of reason, just the gaining of knowledge of ideas. So therefore, if we must first acquire the concepts involved (through sense experience), the proposition cannot be innate, as no proposition is innate unless the concepts used are innate. Locke argues that the mind has no concepts from birth, and so no truths or concepts can be innate. A Different definition of ‘innate idea’ †¢ Locke’s definition and argument against innate ideas hasn’t been criticized †¢ People who believe in innate ideas don’t accept Locke’s definition †¢ Nativists maintain the view that innate ideas are those which cannot be gained from experience †¢ Nativists tend to argue on how concepts or knowledge can’t be acquired from sense experience †¢ Because we don’t know all concepts from birth, there is some point when we become aware of our concepts †¢ Rationalists argue that experience triggers our awareness of our innate concepts. Experience as a ‘Trigger’ †¢ Children begin to use certain ideas at certain time, and their capacities develop, so why can’t their concepts and knowledge also develop? †¢ Children begin to use certain ideas at certain times †¢ Experience still plays a role – a child must be exposed to the relevant stimuli for the knowledge to emerge, e. g.language. †¢ An idea is innate if it cannot be derived or justified by sense experience. Empiricists on Arguing Concepts John Locke 1. The senses let in ideas 2. These ideas furnish an ‘empty cabinet’ 3. The mind grows familiar with these ideas and they’re lodged in one’s memory 4. The mind then abstracts them, and learns general names for them 5. The mind then has ideas and the language by which it can describe them †¢ However, what does it mean to ‘let in ideas’? †¢ We contrast ideas with sensations, e. g. the sensation of yellow isn’t the same as the concept of yellow †¢ Locke fails to make this distinction David Hume †¢ Hume believes that we are directly aware of ‘perceptions’ †¢ Perceptions are then divided into ‘impressions’ and ‘ideas’ †¢ Both Locke and Hume divide impressions into ‘impressions of sensation’ and ‘impressions of reflection’ †¢ Impressions of sensation come from our sense data and that which we directly perceive †¢ Impressions of reflection derive from the experience of our mind, such as feeling emotions. †¢ Hume says that ideas are ‘faint copies’ of impressions †¢ Therefore, there are ideas of sensation (e. g. the idea of red) and ideas of reflection (e. g. the feeling of sadness, happiness) †¢ Concepts are a type of idea. †¢ Hume’s theory of how we acquire ideas (from copying them from impressions) is a theory of how we acquire concepts) †¢ Locke and Hume both have slightly different versions of how we acquire ideas with which we can think †¢ We start with experiences of the physical world which we get from sense data and experiences of our mind †¢ For Locke, this gives us ideas once we employ our memory to reflect on these experiences †¢ According to Locke, this makes it sound that the remembered experiences are the ideas with which we think †¢ Hume corrects this, and says that we remember and think with the copies of the sensory impressions. Simple and complex concepts †¢ A complex idea is just an idea made up of several different ideas, e. g. a complex idea (a dog) is made up of simple ideas like shape, colour and smell. †¢ This complex idea has a complex impression †¢ We can therefore form complex ideas by abstraction. †¢ As an objection, rationalism raises the question of where do non-empirical ideas come from? †¢ Empiricism is appealing, as we seem to intuitively trust our senses and it easily answers such questions. †¢ However, there are complex ideas that correspond to nothing from our sense experience, e. g. unicorns or God. †¢ So do all ideas derive from sense experience? †¢ Empiricists argue that these complex ideas are made up from simple ideas, which are copies of impressions (e. g. a unicorn is the simple concepts of a horse, a horn, and the colour white, and combined together they give us a unicorn) †¢ Hume and Locke argue that when creating complex ideas, one can only work with the materials that our impressions provide – simple ideas †¢ Complex ideas are no more than altering or abstracting these simple ideas †¢ Therefore, empiricists answer this rationalist objection So Are There Innate Concepts? †¢ What would an empiricists’ analysis of complex concepts like self, causality, substance, etc.be? †¢ These concepts must either be innate, or reached using a priori reasoning †¢ Hume accepts that these complex concepts cannot be derived from experience †¢ However, he states that each of these concepts has no application †¢ These concepts are confused, and we should always use concepts that can be derived from experience †¢ For example, we don’t experience our ‘self’, we experience a changing array of thoughts and feelings. †¢ To come up with the idea of ‘self’, we’ve confused similarity with identity †¢ We do the same with the idea of a physical object †¢ A physical object exists independently of experience, existing in 3d space. †¢ But can experience show us something that exists independently of experience? †¢ If I look at a desk, look away, and then look back again, the desk must have existed when I wasn’t looking at it. †¢ I can’t know that my experience was of the same desk, only that the experiences are similar †¢ When coming up with the concept of a physical object that exists independently of experience, I confuse similarity with identity. †¢ Hume concludes that these concepts are incoherent confusions †¢ This can be objected though †¢ This makes most of our common-sense understand and analysis of the  world incorrect – we know that our concepts are coherent. †¢ Empiricism now seems to challenging to accept, as it makes our concepts ‘illusory’. †¢ The fact that we cannot derive the aforementioned from experience shows that they are innate †¢ Empiricists therefore have a flawed argument – explaining our most abstract concepts is an argument that these concepts are not derived from experience. †¢ Does this therefore mean that they’re innate or arrived at through rational intuition? †¢ One reason to think they’re innate is that children use these concepts before they develop rational intuition. †¢ Rationalists therefore argue that experience is the trigger for the concept Does all knowledge about what exists rest on sense experience? Hume’s Fork †¢ We can have knowledge of two sorts of things: ‘Relations between ideas’, and ‘matters of fact’ †¢ Relations of ideas are propositions like ‘all sons have fathers’ †¢ Hume argue that all a priori knowledge must be analytic, and all knowledge of synthetic propositions must be a posteriori †¢ Anything that is not true by definition (‘matters of fact’) must be learned through the senses †¢ Hume’s ‘matters of fact’ are essentially analytic truths. Matters of Fact †¢ Hume says that the foundation of knowledge of matters of fact is what we experience here and now, or what we can remember †¢ All our knowledge that goes beyond the aforementioned rests on casual inference †¢ For example, if I receive a letter from a friend with a French postcard on it, I’ll believe that my friend is in France. †¢ I know this because I infer from post mark to place †¢ I think that where something is posted causes it to have a postmark from that place. †¢ If the letter was posted by my friend, I believe that he is in France. †¢ I ‘know’ this because I rely on past experiences. †¢ I don’t work out what causes what by thinking about it †¢ It is only our experience of effects and causes that brings us to infer what cause has what effect. †¢ Hume denies that this is ‘proof’ †¢ He says that knowledge of matters of fact, beyond what we’re experience here and now relies on induction and reasoning about probability. Induction and Deduction †¢ The terms relate to a type of argument †¢ Inductive is where the conclusion is not logically entailed by its premises, but supported by them †¢ If the premises are true, the conclusion is likely to be true. †¢ The French letter example is an example of inductive reasoning. †¢ A Deductive argument is an argument whose conclusion is logically entailed by its premises †¢ If the premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false †¢ E. g. Premise 1: Socrates is a man; Premise 2: All men are mortal; Conclusion: Socrates is mortal. Using a priori intuition and demonstration to establish claims of what exists †¢ Rationalists argue against Hume, saying that some claims about what exists can be grounded on a priori intuition. †¢ A priori demonstration, or deduction, is deduction that uses a priori premises †¢ Rational intuition is the view that you can discover the truth of a claim by thinking about it  Descartes †¢ Descartes says that we can establish the existence of the mind, the physical world and God through a priori reasoning. †¢ He attacks sense experience, and how they can deceive us †¢ We can’t tell if we’re being deceived by an evil demon through our senses, as what we are experiencing will be false †¢ We can establish that we think, and therefore we exist, even if our senses do deceive us (as we don’t need our senses to know our mind exists) †¢ This conclusion of thinking and doubting that we exist was gotten to by pure reasoning. †¢ He also establishes that the mind can exist from the body. †¢ Descartes says we don’t know what causes these experiences †¢ It could be an evil demon, God, or the physics world exists exactly how we perceive it. †¢ If it was God, it would mean he was a deceiver as we have a very strong tendency to trust our senses †¢ If it was a demon, God must have created this demon to deceive us, and because God is perfect by definition, this would mean God isn’t a deceiver, and so he can’t have made a demon – so there must be some kind of a real world †¢ Through a priori intuition and reasoning, Descartes says that the external world must exist, because God exists, and he would not deceive us. Conceptual Schemes and Their Philosophical Implications †¢ Humans don’t all have the same concepts †¢ There are two distinguishable elements to our experience: the data of the senses, and how this data’s interpreted by our concepts †¢ By the latter, it implies that different people would impose different conceptual scheme if they have different concepts. †¢ Conceptual relativism claims that because our conceptual scheme affect how people experience and understand reality, people with different conceptual schemes have different realities. An Implication: Conceptual relativism. †¢ We assume people have different ‘realities’ because we can’t translate their to ours †¢ It assumes language ‘constructs’ reality to say reality is relative to our conceptual schemes †¢ It would mean that reality is dependant on language, which isn’t true – we express our realities by language †¢ A proposition in one conceptual scheme can be true without needing to be express in another set of scheme. †¢ This means that there isn’t one set of scheme with how the world works †¢ An objection is that people argue that the relation between experience anc conceptual schemes doesn’t make sense. †¢ Benjamin Whorf says that languages organize our experience of the world †¢ This is like trying to organize a wardrobe itself and not the clothes in it †¢ If a conceptual scheme organizes our experience, then our experience must be comprised of individual experiences †¢ Conceptual scheme all have a set of experiences in common †¢ We can pick out individual experiences like smelling a flower, feeling cold, etc. †¢ Any conceptual scheme with these sorts of experiences will end up similar to our own, despite the concepts one hold and their language, and so translation between two different conceptual schemes will be possible. †¢ There may be small parts that can’t be translated, but this only leads to a very mild form of conceptual relativism. †¢ We can’t necessarily combine conceptual scheme †¢ An example is that we can have more or less colours in our vocabulary, and so can describe things in different ways. †¢ The Greeks thought that there was only one colour – bronze, and that everything else was a different shade of bronze. †¢ This doesn’t mean they saw everything in what we call ‘bronze’, it’s just how they described their experiences. †¢ We can therefore only state things depending on the concepts we have.

Teenagers and Suicide Essay -- Teenage Suicide Essays

The third leading cause of death amongst teenagers: Suicide Did you know that suicide is currently the third leading cause of death among teenagers in the United States? (4). In 1992, more teenagers and young adults died from suicide than those who died from stroke, cancer, heart disease, AIDS, birth defects, pneumonia, influenza and chronic lung disease combined (4). Suicide is definitely a compelling problem amongst youth in the U.S today. It is estimated that 300 to 400 teen suicides occur per year in Los Angeles County; which is equivalent to one teenager lost every day (1). Many concerned people ask, "What is going on?" and "Why is this happening?" Among many things, some suicidal youths experience family trouble, which leads them, to doubt their self-worth and make them feel unwanted, superfluous, and misunderstood. According to one study, 90 percent of suicidal teenagers believed their families did not understand them. Young people reported that when they tried to tell their parents about their feelings of unhappiness or failure, their mother and father denied or ignored their point of view (1). Suicide can be prevented; in fact, suicide prevention has saved over ten percent of teens who have tried to attempt suicide (1). In this paper I will prove that although, suicide is a serious epidemic amongst teens in the U.S., it can also be prevented. "I'm depressed." You might say it casually to refer to sadness that engulfs you and then goes away. But depression is also a mental health illness that may require help from an experienced professional(1). Depression has been considered to be the leading cause of teen suicide in the 20th century, affecting approximately eight million teens in North America (2). Recen... ... While the above teen suicide facts are astounding, here are some positives about teen depression and suicide: The number one cause of teen suicide is untreated depression. Most suicidal teens respond positively to psychotherapy and medication. Nearly 90 percent of depressed people benefit from medication. Those contemplating suicide can be "talked out of it." WWW Sources 1)Teen depression homepage, a rich resource on how to prevent teen suicide http://www.teen-depression.info/ 2)Teen depression homepage, a rich resource on causes of suicide. http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Teenage_Suicide.htm 3)Teen depression homepage, a personal story on teen suicide http://www.1-teenage-suicide.com/story.html 4)Teen depression homepage, facts about suicide http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_mind/mental_health/suicide.html

Mcdonalds Case Study

McDonald’s case study For at least 30 years McDonald’s had the lead consumer base in the fast food market. They seemed to have the market monopolized, however in time it’s consumer base drifted away. It would appear that Mcdonalds had become comfortable in the position it was in and put little to no emphases on product variety or quality and simply focused on the speed and convinience as the customer draw. Mcdonalds was suffering from low growth and market base as well as decreasing profits. The factors which affected this low growth and lack of profit was not only its competitors but also public opinion of the quality and variety of the food not being up to the same standards of the competition such as Wendy’s or Burger king. Public opinion on Mcdonalds was that the food it sold was of poor quality with little to no variety and people would sacrifice the convinience and speed of their order for taste and variety. To solve this problem Mcdonalds needs to bring back the once reliable customers that it lost to the competition. This can be done a few different ways. – Introduce new aspects to the existing menu, maybe different choices for existing products, possible rebrand and remarket some of these products with a possible price break. – Possibly improve the flavour of its beef as to improve the taste in all its burgers. -Introduce new items on the menu similar to products of the competition ie. Burger King and Wendy’s. – New slogan, new product apperance on the cups and containers. This is to represent the â€Å"new† Mcdonalds. The previous list of ideas can be implemented the easiest by a complete marketing blitz of the new product line and image for the company. The size of the company allows it to have the resources to do this type of campaign with very little financial risk, basically the company has nothing to loose but more customers. Mcdonalds Case Study McDonald’s case study For at least 30 years McDonald’s had the lead consumer base in the fast food market. They seemed to have the market monopolized, however in time it’s consumer base drifted away. It would appear that Mcdonalds had become comfortable in the position it was in and put little to no emphases on product variety or quality and simply focused on the speed and convinience as the customer draw. Mcdonalds was suffering from low growth and market base as well as decreasing profits. The factors which affected this low growth and lack of profit was not only its competitors but also public opinion of the quality and variety of the food not being up to the same standards of the competition such as Wendy’s or Burger king. Public opinion on Mcdonalds was that the food it sold was of poor quality with little to no variety and people would sacrifice the convinience and speed of their order for taste and variety. To solve this problem Mcdonalds needs to bring back the once reliable customers that it lost to the competition. This can be done a few different ways. – Introduce new aspects to the existing menu, maybe different choices for existing products, possible rebrand and remarket some of these products with a possible price break. – Possibly improve the flavour of its beef as to improve the taste in all its burgers. -Introduce new items on the menu similar to products of the competition ie. Burger King and Wendy’s. – New slogan, new product apperance on the cups and containers. This is to represent the â€Å"new† Mcdonalds. The previous list of ideas can be implemented the easiest by a complete marketing blitz of the new product line and image for the company. The size of the company allows it to have the resources to do this type of campaign with very little financial risk, basically the company has nothing to loose but more customers.

Leonardo Da Vinci Essay - 2754 Words

Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Vinci, Tuscany, during a time called the Renaissance. His creations of art and advancements in science not only surpassed those of his time, but have contributed to the fundamentals of modern day technology and are arguably the greatest in history. Many of da Vinci’s paintings remain today as proof of his pioneered techniques, brilliance, and talent. The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language defines â€Å"renaissance man† as â€Å"[a] man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the sciences.† This is a term still used today, and its derivation is obvious. Many people in the Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries were skillful†¦show more content†¦Italian inventors and artists realized that this was â€Å"†¦ a new age, free from the darkness and ignorance †¦ characterized [by] the preceding era†(â€Å"Renaissance† Encarta). There wer e three distinct periods of the Renaissance, each identified by the works of different individuals. In order to comprehend the extraordinary greatness of Leonardo da Vinci, it is also important to become familiar with the achievements of his predecessors and colleagues. The early Renaissance introduced a new style of painting. Masaccio, born in 1401, was the first great painter of the Italian Renaissance, and his use of perspective and natural lighting portrayed an important step in the development of modern painting: â€Å"In his life, he made several important innovations in the art of painting. His treatment of space and light influenced generations of Italian artists, earning him the title ‘Founder of the Renaissance’† (Who and When? 24). According to John R. Hale, Bencivieni di Pepo was an Italian painter and mosaic craftsman from Florence. He was one of the most important artists of his time, breaking with the formalism of Byzantine art, then predominant in Italy, and introducing a more lifelike treatment of traditional subjects. His style preceded the realistic Florentine school of the early Renaissance founded by Giotto, and he is believed to have been Giottos teacher. AmongShow MoreRelatedLeonardo Da Vinci1629 Words   |  7 PagesHistory 101 | Leonardo Da Vinci | Renaissance Pioneer | | Luis Quelhas | 11/13/2012 | | Leonardo Da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452. His father was a wealthy notary, named  Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci. His mother Caterina was a sixteen year old peasant girl. Leonardo had no surname when born and took the name Da Vinci meaning from Vinci, the small town in Florence where he was born. Throughout his life Leonardo faced many hardships. From 1457 he lived in the household ofRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci1137 Words   |  4 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci: The Renaissance man Leonardo Da Vinci was a successful man in more areas than artwork. From the time he was a boy, he began studying the arts as well as the ideas of science, medicine, machinery, and much more. Da Vinci’s history is reflected in his paintings and inventions that have been able to change the world of then and now. Leonardo’s artistic vision led him down a prosperous path of life that has made him one of the most innovative individuals the world has seen. With theRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci2094 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Rocks). These two altarpieces are being showcased in particular in this exhibition because they share a location in the same Milanese church, the San Francesco Grande, and most importantly the same artist (although this has been debated), Leonardo Da Vinci, painted both versions of the altarpiece. Further, another reason why they are being portrayed in this exhibition is due to the debates over their authenticity, even though they are 15 years apart in concept ion. Additionally, the two pieces shareRead More Leonardo Da Vinci Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci A Renaissance man in Renaissance times, Leonardo Da Vinci frequently defied a simple description. As a scientist, inventor, artist, and so much more, Leonardo Da Vinci’s works continue to impact our lives even now. Born on April 15th, 1452 in Anchiano (now a part of Italy), Leonardo came into a world on the brink of change. The Italian renaissance was sweeping through the peninsula during Da Vinci’s lifetime and he would soon come to be one of its foremost figures. WhileRead More Leonardo da vinci Essay923 Words   |  4 Pages Leonardo Da Vinci nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Leonardo Da Vinci was a man of many worlds. He was a great influence inhis time. Leonardo was known as many things. He was known as a sculptor, architect, writer, musician,philosopher, engineer, and scientist. But most of all he was known for his impressive paintings that influenced the world. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Leonardo was born in Anchiano, Italy on April 15, 1452, to Piero Da Vinci, a prominent publicRead MoreEssay leonardo da vinci637 Words   |  3 Pages Leonardo da Vinci Da Vinci was born April 15, 1452, and died May 2, 1519. He would wear pink to make his complexion look fresher. Leonardo never attended public school. He was raised by his single father (http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/projects/renaissance/davinci.html). In the mid-1460s the family settled in Florence, where Leonardo was given the best education that Florence, the intellectual and artistic center of Italy, could offer. In Verrocchios Baptism of Christ (http://wwwRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesWhere and when was Leonardo Da Vinci born? Where there any persons or events in his early life which you believe helped shape this individuals legacy? Leonardo Da Vinci was born on April 15th 1452 in Vinci, near Florence Italy. His father, Piero Da Vinci, was a notary, and mother Caterina was a peasant girl. Soon after his birth Piero Da Vinci took custody of Leonardo because his mother left and married another man in a nearby town. At the age of 15 his father got him an apprenticeship with a renownedRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci : An Artist965 Words   |  4 Pages Leonardo da Vinci was born in Vinci, Italy, in the year 1452. Born into the Renaissance era, da Vinci was a possessor of a curious mind and keen intellect. He not only built his occupation as an artist, but also as a mathematician, inventor, writer, draftsman, and engineer. Although he received no formal education, da Vin ci was able to understand the engineering behind many of his designs, some of which included the tank and crossbow (on a larger scale). 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His research in Anatomy and other biological works has made pathways for surgeons, doctors, and many scientists in their research. Leonardo Da Vincis paintings are considered to be the

The Playboy Of The Western World Critique - 1417 Words

The Playboy of the Western World Critique I was overall extremely impressed with the University of Houston’s production of The Playboy of The Western World. The play and the intention of comedy were both carried out very well by the actors. I felt that I was engaged in the play, seeming like I was actually a part of the performance. The theatre department’s attempt on this play was very worthwhile, providing both a good laugh and a superb form of entertainment. The predominant theme of this play was the chaotic father/son relationship. The message the play is trying to give is that children can go against their fathers, rioting against them and disobeying their orders and expectations, and how a stereotypical message of disobedience is sent. In the worst of cases, the father becomes nearly powerless, unable to act or alter the situation in anyway. I do agree with the message that sometimes children can have control over their parents, and how sometimes there is nothing that can be done about it. In the play, it was exactly like that when Christy tried to kill his father three times without ever obeying a single one of his commands and even getting in a face to face fight with him. I have also witnessed this situation in other TV shows and novels. I found that message to be extremely disturbing for me in The Playboy of the Western World. The idea of a son killing his father was a terrible idea for my brain to comprehend during the course of the play. 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Coherence (making sense of how they work together) is a property of the person who reads the text EPISTEMIOLOGY: frames help us focus on different parts because we cannot take it all in at once (filtering info) Empiricism: we interact with the world around us, taste, touch, sensory experiences Knowledge et priori: cannot conclude that the sun will rise tomorrow, Meta communication = playing and fighting, same technique but you can understand what is playing and what is fighting. Monkeys have thisRead MorePorsche Cayenne11733 Words   |  47 Pagesdrive. It will be an SUV sports-car lovers will love.†21 Do By 2002, SUVs were under attack in the U.S. by cultural critics. Starting in 1997, Keith Bradsher, a prominent reporter for the New York Times, spent four years writing scathing critiques of SUVs that culminated in a book launched in 2002 entitled â€Å"High and Mighty: The Dangerous Rise of the SUV.† In his articles and book, Bradsher debunked the widely held notion that SUVs were safer than cars and held up SUVs as a prime exampleRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesDo you know the time? it is illogical to answer only Yes and walk away─ unless you are trying to irritate the person who asked the question. Real life decision-making often must work in a dynamic, unpredictable environment. In the business world, new competitors appear, prices rise or fall, opportunities that were available at one time are not available at another. The uncritical decision maker is unaware of these changes and continues to make decisions as if in the old environment. AlertRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesrespectively, and have been widely translated. In 1992 Professor Hartley wrote Business Ethics: Violations of the Public Trust. Business Ethics Mistakes and Successes was published in 2005. He is listed in Who’s Who in America, and Who’s Who in the World. vii This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface About the Author Chapter 1 Introduction PART I ENTREPRENEURIAL ADVENTURES Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Google: An Entrepreneurial Juggernaut Starbucks: A Paragon

The Transformation of Jack in William Goldings Lord of...

The Transformation of Jack in William Goldings Lord of the Flies In the novel, Lord of the Flies, Jack is the character that experiences the most change. Jack begins the novel as a somewhat arrogant choirboy, who cries when he is not elected leader of the island. Jack is gradually transformed into a vicious killer who has no respect for human life. Through a series of stages, such as leading the choir, leading the hunting tribe, wearing the mask, killing Simon, separating from the group and intentionally killing Piggy, Jack degenerates from a normal, arrogant school boy into a savage beast. At the beginning of the novel, Golding describes Jacks physical appearance as inside the floating cloak he was tall, thin and bony;†¦show more content†¦After a few tries, Jack and the hunters finally catch a pig. The boys and Jack brutally attack it and kill it. This is the first step of Jacks decent to primitive savagery. We see the loss of innocence because Jack has killed his first living creature, and also had a loss of innocence sexually. Now we see Jack become very confident in his hunting ability and we start to see him act more like a hunter. He now wears a mask over his face and always wants to hunt. The author has this to say about Jack and his mask, the mask was a thing on its own, behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness (62). With the aid of the mask, Jack is now transforming into a different person. He seems to be happier as a hunter. The author also lets us into Jacks mind, for his thoughts on his first kill, His mind was crowded wi th memories; memories of the knowledge that had come to them when they closed in on the struggling pig, knowledge that they had outwitted a living thing, imposed their will upon it, taken away its life like a long satisfying drink (70). Jacks next step into savagery is when they are all dancing around the fire in celebration. Simon is coming to tell the boys about his vision of the beast, when Jack and his tribe mistake Simon for the beast and attack and kill him. He has now killed his first human being - although it seemed not to be completely intentional. JackShow MoreRelatedLord Of the Flies Essay774 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, â€Å"The Lord of the Flies†, by William Golding, a group of boys becomes stuck on an island and it portrays the breakdown of society and structure and the transformation of them into savages. On the island, the boys first follow a conch which was the order and the link to society on the island but after a while, it loses most of it’s influence due to the disintegration of social order and rules. A character that used the tool of fear to gain control of the boys was Jack, who represents aRead MoreWilliam Goldings Lord of the Flies: A Review1479 Words   |à ‚  6 PagesLord of the flies is anything but an easy book to digest. It comes upon the reader like a heavy meal on a suffocating summers day. The main idea is fairly simple actually: a group of children stranded on an isolated island are trying to reenact the norms of the society they used to live in before their arrival on the island. Gradually, things descend more violently with the children looking to kill the beast that lives in the heart of the jungle. What they are unable to realize though is that theRead More The Use of Symbolism in Goldings Lord of the Flies Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in Goldings Lord of the Flies    His head opened and stuff came out and turned red. Piggys arms and legs twitched a bit like a pig after it has been killed (217). This is what can happen to someone when all signs of civilization, order and power disappear and have no more meaning to members of a group or society. In the writing of William Goldings Lord of the Flies (1954), the symbol of power and civilization is the conch. Once that is lost, all bets are off. When theRead MoreSummary Of Lord Of The Flies 1186 Words   |  5 PagesAlex Nguyen Mrs. Black, Period 5 26 May 2016 An Island of Savagery Lord of the Flies by William Golding is a book set during World War 2 about a group of young boys having to fend for themselves on an island with no signs of civilization. Within the novel, there are many different themes, most conveying the ingrained evil within all human beings and the malevolent complexions of humanity. As the story advances, Golding manifests the continuous conversion of the boys from being civilized and methodicalRead MoreThe Hangmans Horror: Roger, Sadism, and Psychopathy in Lord of the Flies1506 Words   |  7 Pagesin all men and first-hand experience with savagery and violence in World War II, William Golding used Lord of the Flies as not only a historical allegory and a pulpit from which to address the darkness in all men, but also as a metaphor and a example that no one is exempt from human nature. Golding’s characters in Lord of the Flies reflect this idea greatly, but none more so than Roger. Throughout Lord of the Flies, Golding uses the charac ter of Roger to show the follies of mankind and the abilityRead MoreTheme Of Lord Of The Flies And The Guide Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesMD. Moazzam Hossain ID NO. 133013040 ENG 302 The Novel-1 Submitted to: Ms Arifa Rahaman Date: 09.12.2015 Theme of ‘Lord of The Flies’ and ‘The Guide’ ‘Lord of the flies’(1954) and ‘The guide’(1958) are the two novels written by famous novelists William Golding and R.K. Narayan. ‘Lord of the Flies’ portrays the story of a group of British boys trapped on an abandoned island who try to administrate themselves with catastrophic results and On the other side, R.K. Narayan quite consciouslyRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1381 Words   |  6 PagesTransformation As people age, they generally tend to transform from young and oblivious children into wise and aware adults. A group of young boys arrived on the island as proper English schoolboys, but months later, they left as dirty, unkempt savages. In William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies, an array of young school boys find themselves stranded on an island as a result of a plane crash during World War Two. With no adults, rules, and nothing holding them back, they are left to fend for themselvesRead MoreHuman Nature In Lord Of The Flies Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pages William Golding is heavily influenced by his service to the royal navy and the events of World War One. â€Å"Human beings are savage by its nature, and are moved by urges toward brutality and dominance over others†. This is a recurring issue in William Golding’s, Lord Of The Flies. Not only where characters demonstrate elements of human nature beyond civilized human beings as they were strugg ling in a society with no rules nor civilization, but also as the novel is Golding’s attempt to traceRead MoreEssay on Allegory in Lord of the Flies1473 Words   |  6 PagesAllegory in Lord of the Flies In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, which is set during World War II, English school boys, escaping war in England, crash on a deserted tropical island. From the protected environment of boarding school, the boys are suddenly thrust into a situation where they must fend for themselves. In order to survive, the boys copy their country’s rule for a civilized life by electing a leader, Ralph. He promises order, discipline, and rules for the boys so that they formRead MoreElements of Psychology and Sociology in The Lord of the Flies1386 Words   |  6 PagesElements of Psychology and Sociology in The Lord of the Flies In viewing the aspects of the island society, the author William Goldings Lord of the Flies as a symbolic microcosm of society. He chooses to set the children alone in an unsupervised world, leaving them to learn ‘ the ways of the world’ in a natural setting first hand. Many different perspectives can also be considered. Goldings island of marooned youngsters becomes a microcosm. The island represents the individual human and the

Physical therapy

Question: Discuss why you think physical therapy is important in treating patients with COPD and how you will use your academic knowledge and information in your practice. Answer: Importance of physical therapy in COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common term to describe different progressive lung diseases like chronic bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema. It is characterized by increasing breathlessness. COPD is caused by smoking, environmental lung irritants like chemicals, dust or fumes, and genetic factors. It is the tenth most prevalent disease worldwide and fifth leading cause of death in the world. Physical therapist work in collaboration with rehabilitation team to improve patients exercises capacity, physical and mental strength, and quality of life. They help patients with COPD to improve shortness of breath and teach them to cope with COPD. They assist them in special exercise so that patiently becomes physically active. To improve the problem of breathing, they inspiratory muscle training to reduce shortness of breath and increase exercise capacity (Troosters et al., 2013). Appropriate goals and design a plan of care for patients with COPD using clinical decision making strategies The proper plan of care for patients are as follows: Initial assessment of patients: The first plan of a physical therapist is to review patient's medical history like smoking habits, exposure to environmental irritants like toxic chemicals, cases of hospitalization due to breathing problems. They will assess particular patients use of current medication. They will check all pulmonary function test and check whether their symptoms have worsened or not. They will enquire patients what things relieves their symptoms and perform walk test to measure individual exercise capacity. All this assessment will help the therapist to plan out treatment procedure (Alessandrini et al., 2016). Improving patients physical ability: Physical therapist will plan out the particular exercise to increase patients aerobic capacity and reduce shortness of breath. They will guide patients in using recumbent bike and treadmill to improve cardiovascular endurance. This will train the muscle used in walking and muscle of arms. This strength training exercise will help patient with moderate to severe COPD to increase their muscle mass and strength. The physiotherapist plan will be to provide strengthening exercise by using resistance bands and weights (Zwakman et al., 2015. Improving balance in the patient: Patients with COPD suffer from decreased functional ability and mobility. It can cause a problem in stability and lead to more risk of falls in the patient. The physiotherapist aim will be to perform balance test to assess the possibility of a decline in patients. Based on the analysis, physiotherapist plan out an exercise that can improve patient's balance and make them steady while standing (Celli, 2014). Reduce risk factors: Physiotherapist goal is to reduce exposure to tobacco smoke, environmental pollutants to prevent the progression of COPD. They can encourage patients to quit. Practical counseling can be given to patients by way of social support (Rocker Cook, 2013). Components of pulmonary rehabilitation programs as outlined by American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Pulmonary rehabilitation program includes the following: Limitation and intervention in exercise performance: It identifies factors responsible for exercise intolerance like limitations in gas exchange, cardiac and respiratory muscle dysfunction, etc. There are exercise programs to give training to patients and address their limitations like ventilator limitations, gas exchange problem and skeletal or muscle dysfunction. There are guidelines on endurance and strength training. Body composition abnormalities and intervention: It discusses all kind of body function abnormalities like muscle wasting. It is checked by BMI and fat and fat-free mass of the individual. It is associated with high rate of morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic interventions are given like caloric supplementation, physiological intervention like strength training, the pharmacological intervention like administration of anabolic steroids. These steroids help in stimulation protein synthesis, myostatin gene regulation, and erythropoietic action. Self-management education: The primary factor for self-management of COPD is educating the patient. There is a different style of teaching in pulmonary rehabilitation. The programme has given strategies to enhance self-efficacy by curriculum development, prevention and early treatment of exacerbation, decision making, breathing strategies and bronchial hygiene techniques. Psychological and social consideration: Psychological and social support in rehabilitation programmed facilitates adaptive thoughts and behaviors, and help patients to eliminate negative thoughts and provide social support (Spruit et al., 2013). Role of physical therapy Physical therapy plays a role in improving ventilation for people with a respiratory disease by using various techniques like breathing exercise, bronchopulmonary hygiene techniques and physical exercise for respiratory muscles. It has a role in improving health-related quality of life of patients and inspiratory muscle strength. Long-term benefits decrease in morbidity, and it is crucial for the delivery of effective exercise training programme (Fan, 2012). Evidence related physical therapy intervention This is real life experience of 68-year-old man with COPD. He was a chain smoker for 40 years before he quit smoking. He had the problem in climbing and downstairs, shortness of breath and trouble golfing. 6-minute walk test was performed on him by physical therapist, and it revealed that it reduced his exercise capacity. Other test showed that he had decreased leg strength and endurance. His physical therapist taught him how to use treadmill, upper-body ergometer and strengthening exercise with weight. He was given training on pursed lip breathing and diaphragm breathing and conserve his energy. It was useful for the patient as he can walk 200 feet farther and his breathing problem, and leg fatigue have reduced (Bo et al., 2014). Pulmonary function test Pulmonary function examines how the lungs are moving air in and out. It tests how lung circulates oxygen to the blood. It is performed by trained staff by using special breathing techniques. Individuals with COPD show abnormal test results like airway blockage and air trapping. The low value of diffusing capacity test suggests emphysema. The test is dependent on health of lungs, effort of patient and type of equipment. It helps in determining how serious the disorder is in patients. It is also useful while preparing for lung surgery. The common test includes spirometry, diffusing capacity, chest X-ray, etc (Severgnini et al., 2013). Airway clearance technique Coughing: It is the best airway clearance technique. COPD patients have increased production of mucus leading to airway blockage. It inhibits breathing, and such patients have more chance of bacterial infection in lungs. Learning how to cough properly is the best way of air clearance. Chest Physiotherapy: It is measured manually or with airway clearance device. It is done manually by clapping on the test to loosen mucus secretion. It is an effective way for airway clearance. Postural drainage: It is a technique that employs gravity to assist in removal of secretion in the airway. It is performed in 12 different positions depending on the area of lungs. Expectorants: It is a cough medicine that helps in loosening mucus in lungs (Osadnik et al., 2013). Reference Alessandrini, E., Eckman, M. H., Warm, E. J., Panos, R. J., Zafar, M. A. (2016). Understanding Failures In Delivery Of Care For COPD Patients With 30-Day Readmission; Exploring Process Improvement Opportunities. InA23. UNDERSTANDING AND REDUCING COPD REHOSPITALIZATIONS(pp. A1114-A1114). American Thoracic Society. Bo, K., Berghmans, B., Morkved, S., Van Kampen, M. (2014).Evidence-based physical therapy for the pelvic floor: bridging science and clinical practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Celli, B. R. (2014). Counterpoint: should storefront clinics provide case finding and chronic care for COPD? No.CHEST Journal,145(6), 1193-1194. Fan, E. (2012). Critical illness neuromyopathy and the role of physical therapy and rehabilitation in critically ill patients.Respiratory care,57(6), 933-946. Osadnik, C., Stuart-Andrews, C., Ellis, S., Thompson, B. R., McDonald, C. F., Holland, A. E. (2013). The effect of positive expiratory pressure for airway clearance on ventilation inhomogeneity in individuals with stable COPD and chronic sputum expectoration.European Respiratory Journal,42(Suppl 57), P3166. Rocker, G. M., Cook, D. (2013). 'INSPIRED'Approaches to Better Care for Patients with Advanced COPD.Clinical Investigative Medicine,36(3), 114-120. Severgnini, P., Selmo, G., Lanza, C., Chiesa, A., Frigerio, A., Bacuzzi, A., ... Schultz, M. J. (2013). Protective mechanical ventilation during general anesthesia for open abdominal surgery improves postoperative pulmonary function.The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists,118(6), 1307-1321. Spruit, M. A., Singh, S. J., Garvey, C., ZuWallack, R., Nici, L., Rochester, C., ... Pitta, F. (2013). An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,188(8), e13-e64. Troosters, T., van der Molen, T., Polkey, M., Rabinovich, R. A., Vogiatzis, I., Weisman, I., Kulich, K. (2013). Improving physical activity in COPD: towards a new paradigm.Respir Res,14(1), 115. Zwakman, M., Weldam, S., Lammers, J. W., Schuurmans, M. (2015). Patient perspectives of the COPD-GRIP intervention, a new nursing care intervention in COPD.European Respiratory Journal,46(suppl 59), PA328.